If ankle pain is persistent 6–8 weeks after initial sprain, MRI imaging of the joint can be considered to rule out peroneal tendon, osteochondral, or syndesmotic injury. It has a sensitivity of nearly 100%, meaning that a patient who tests negative, according to the rule almost certainly does not have an ankle fracture.
The Ottawa ankle rule is a simple, widely used rule to help differentiate fractures of the ankle or mid-foot from other ankle injuries that do not require x-ray radiography.
The diagnosis of a sprain relies on the medical history, including symptoms, as well as making a differential diagnosis, mainly in distinguishing it from strains or bone fractures. If the strain is great enough to the ligaments past the yield point, then the ligament becomes damaged, or sprained. When the foot is moved past its range of motion, the excess stress puts a strain on the ligaments. This can be caused by excessive external rotation, inversion or eversion of the foot caused by an external force. Wearing high-heeled shoes – due to the weak position of the ankle joint with an elevated heel, and a small base of support.Īnkle sprains occur usually through excessive stress on the ligaments of the ankle.Shoes with inadequate heel support and.Slow neuron muscular response to an off-balance position.Inadequate joint proprioception (i.e., sense of joint position).Weak or lax ligaments that join the bones of the ankle joint – this can be hereditary or due to overstretching of ligaments as a result of repetitive ankle sprains.Weak muscles/tendons that cross the ankle joint, especially the muscles of the lower leg that cross the outside, or lateral aspect of the ankle joint (i.e.The following factors can contribute to an increased risk of ankle sprains: This can lead to a condition known as Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI), and an increased risk of ankle sprains. Returning to activity before the ligaments have fully healed may cause them to heal in a stretched position, resulting in less stability at the ankle joint. Sprained ankles can also occur during normal daily activities such as stepping off a curb or slipping on ice. The risk of a sprain is greatest during activities that involve explosive side-to-side motion, such as tennis, skateboarding or basketball. Movements – especially turning, and rolling of the foot – are the primary cause of an ankle sprain. Also there is a decreased ability to move the joint. Warmth and redness are also seen as blood flow is increased. The nerves in the area become more sensitive when the injury is suffered, so pain is felt as throbbing and will worsen if there is pressure placed on the area. Along with this inflammation, swelling and pain is experienced. White blood cells responsible for inflammation migrate to the area, and blood flow increases as well. When a sprain occurs, hematoma occurs within the tissue that surrounds the joint, causing a bruise. Knowing the symptoms that can be experienced with a sprain is important in determining that the injury is not really a break in the bone.
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